Medicare Part B & Part D surcharges from your MAGI two years back
| 2024 MAGI, Single | 2024 MAGI, Joint | Part B Rate | Part B Total/mo | Part B + Part D Surcharge/mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ $109,000 | ≤ $218,000 | standard | $202.90 | $0 |
| ≤ $137,000 | ≤ $274,000 | 1.4× | $284.10 | $81.20 + $14.50 = $95.70 |
| ≤ $171,000 | ≤ $342,000 | 2.0× | $405.80 | $202.90 + $37.50 = $240.40 |
| ≤ $205,000 | ≤ $410,000 | 2.6× | $527.50 | $324.60 + $60.40 = $385.00 |
| < $500,000 | < $750,000 | 3.2× | $649.30 | $446.40 + $83.30 = $529.70 |
| ≥ $500,000 | ≥ $750,000 | 3.4× | $689.90 | $487.00 + $91.00 = $578.00 |
Source: CMS 2026 premium fact sheet. Standard Part B premium is $202.90/month; Part D surcharges are fixed dollar amounts by bracket. Married filing separately: standard up to $109,000, then 3.2× below $391,000 and 3.4× at $391,000 and above; the 1.4× to 2.6× tiers do not apply. Surcharge amounts are per person. 2027 brackets (2025 MAGI) are projected to start near $112,000 single / $224,000 joint.
IRMAA (Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount) is a surcharge higher-income Medicare beneficiaries pay on top of the standard Part B premium and their Part D drug plan. It is not a tax deduction or a separate bill for most people: Social Security usually pulls it straight out of the monthly benefit deposit, which is why many people first notice it as a puzzling drop in their Social Security payment.
The lookup is a bracket table, not a curve. Social Security takes your MAGI from two years ago (2024 MAGI for 2026 premiums), finds your bracket, and multiplies the standard Part B premium by 1.4, 2.0, 2.6, 3.2, or 3.4. The surcharge is the amount above the standard $202.90. Part D adds a fixed dollar surcharge by the same bracket: $14.50, $37.50, $60.40, $83.30, or $91.00 per month. Married couples on Medicare each pay their own surcharge, so the household total doubles.
Pull the number from line 11 of your 2024 Form 1040 (taxable income before deductions is AGI; MAGI for IRMAA adds tax-exempt interest from line 2a back in). Enter it with your filing status and how many of you are on Medicare. The calculator shows your bracket, monthly amounts, and the two numbers planners care about: how many dollars you are over the current threshold, and what crossing the next one would cost for the year.
A married couple, both on Medicare, reported $230,000 of 2024 MAGI. That lands in the first surcharge bracket (over $218,000, not over $274,000), so each spouse pays 1.4× the standard Part B premium: $284.10 a month instead of $202.90. Add the $14.50 Part D surcharge and each spouse pays $95.70 a month extra, $1,148.40 a year, or $2,296.80 for the couple. Had they held MAGI $12,001 lower, they would have paid zero.
The cliff math is the part worth remembering. A single filer at exactly $171,000 of 2024 MAGI pays $240.40 a month in surcharges ($2,884.80 a year). At $171,001, the bracket flips to 2.6× and the bill jumps to $385.00 a month ($4,620.00 a year). One dollar of income, $1,735.20 of premium. That is why year-end Roth conversions and gain harvesting get sized to the bracket thresholds in the Roth conversion calculator, and why required distributions from a traditional IRA (price yours with the RMD calculator) need watching once they start pushing MAGI toward a threshold.
This calculator uses published 2026 CMS figures for planning estimates. It is not tax, legal, or benefits advice; Social Security computes your actual IRMAA from your tax return.
Your Modified Adjusted Gross Income from two years ago. For 2026 premiums, that is 2024 MAGI: adjusted gross income plus tax-exempt municipal bond interest. Taxable Social Security benefits count; the untaxed portion does not. Roth IRA qualified withdrawals and Roth conversions from prior years do not count, HSA withdrawals do not, and home sale proceeds excluded from income do not either. A large one-time capital gain or a big Roth conversion does count for that year, and for the premiums two years later.
For 2026 coverage, based on 2024 MAGI: single filers pay the standard premium at $109,000 or below ($218,000 married filing jointly). The surcharge brackets start above that, then step at $137,000 single ($274,000 joint) at 1.4x, $171,000 ($342,000) at 2.0x, $205,000 ($410,000) at 2.6x, $500,000 ($750,000) at 3.2x and above, with a top rate of 3.4x at $500,000 single / $750,000 joint. The standard Part B premium in 2026 is $202.90 a month.
Social Security uses the most recent tax return the IRS has when it sets the following year's premiums, and that return covers the year before it. The result is a two-year lookback: your 2024 return sets 2026 premiums. The upside is that a high-income year only raises your premiums for one coverage year, and the surcharge drops automatically once the lower-income return becomes the one being used.
Yes, if your income dropped because of a listed life-changing event: retirement or work reduction, death of a spouse, divorce, marriage, loss of income-producing property, or reduction of certain pension income. File Form SSA-44 with Social Security, with documentation of both the event and your current estimated income. Market losses alone are not a qualifying event, but selling rental property at a loss can be.
Yes. Medicare Advantage plans include Part B, so the Part B IRMAA applies the same way, and the Part D surcharge applies if your plan includes drug coverage, which almost all do. IRMAA follows the person, not the plan type, and is usually deducted from the Social Security deposit or billed quarterly.
Watch the cliffs, because $1 over a threshold triggers the whole surcharge. Common levers in the income year: size Roth conversions to stop just under the next threshold, use qualified charitable distributions after age 70.5 instead of cash donations (QCDs leave MAGI entirely), harvest capital losses against gains, and take discretionary income in a year when you have room. A couple hundred dollars of planning can move a five-figure MAGI away from a $1,700 cliff.